Marrouche NF, Natale A, Wazni O et al (2004) Left septal atrial flutter: electrophysiology, anatomy, and results of ablation. Coronary artery disease Past heart attack Congenital (born with) heart problems Past heart surgery Treatment for atrial fibrillation (catheter ablation). Jais P, Shah D, Haïssaguerre M et al (2000) Mapping and ablation of left atrial flutters. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J (eds) Cardiac electrophysiology from cell to bedside, 2nd edn. Atypical left atrial flutter (ALAF) is an often-stable arrhythmia commonly seen in approximately 80 of the 20 of ablations for atrial fibrillation that results in atrial arrhythmias ().The most promising treatment for ALAF is ablation, with reported acute success rates between 51 and 100 (2, 3). What causes atrial flutter Atrial flutter is usually an age-related arrhythmia because it rarely occurs before the age of 50 but then becomes more common. Schuessler RB, Boineau JP, Bromberg BI et al (1995) Normal and abnormal activation of the atrium. Atypical atrial flutter is a common occurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation and can be difficult to treat with anti-arrhythmic medications. Shah DC, Jaïs P, Haïssaguerre M et al (1997) Three-dimensional mapping of the common atrial flutter circuit in the right atrium. Lai LP, Lin JL, Tseng CD et al (1999) Electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency catheter ablation of isthmus-independent atrial flutter. BackgroundData from experimental models of atrial flutter indicate that macro-reentrant circuits may be confined by anatomic and functional barriers remote from the tricuspid annuluseustachian ridge atrial isthmus.Data characterizing the various forms of atypical atrial flutter in humans are limited. Nakagawa H, Lazzara R, Khastgir T et al (1996) Role of the tricuspid annulus and the eustachian valve/ridge on atrial flutter: relevance to catheter ablation of the septal isthmus and a new technique for rapid identification of ablation success. Olgin JE, Kalman JM, Fitzpatrick AP et al (1995) Role of right atrial endocardial structures as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter: activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac echocardiography. Zhang S, Younis G, Hariharan R et al (2004) Lower loop reentry as a mechanism of clockwise right atrial flutter. Kalman JM, Olgin JE, Saxon LA et al (1996) Activation and entrainment mapping defines the tricuspid annulus as the anterior barrier in typical atrial flutter. Yang YF, Cheng J, Bochoeyer A et al (2001) Atypical right atrial flutter patterns. Cheng J, Cabeen WR, Scheinman MM (1999) Right atrial flutter due to lower loop reentry: mechanism and anatomic substrates.
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